Using physical (e.g., stiffness of culture surrounding) and chemical (e.g., cell culture media supplements) cues, ASCs can be differentiated along the adipogenic lineage. The precursors of mature adipocytes are adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), which can be easily isolated from adipose tissue and expanded in vitro. They are characterized by a round morphology with one big lipid-filled vacuole. The main and characteristic cell type, mature adipocytes, is responsible for lipid metabolism and the production and release of adipokines. In summary, GG-based adipose tissue models show long-term stability and allow ASCs maturation into functional, univacuolar adipocytes.Īdipose tissue plays a central role in lipid storage and metabolism and exhibits a high endocrine function. After bioprinting establishment, we demonstrated that the cells in printed hydrogels had high cell viability and exhibited an adipogenic phenotype and function. After 4 weeks of culture, adipocytes had a univacuolar morphology, expressed perilipin A, and secreted up to 73% more leptin. Live-dead staining showed that encapsulated cells stayed viable until day 98, while intracellular lipid staining showed an increase over time and a differentiation rate of 76% between days 28 and 56. Encapsulated human primary adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were adipogenically differentiated for 14 days and matured for an additional 84 days. The resulting hydrogels exhibited suitable viscoelastic properties for soft tissues and were stable for 98 days in vitro. Gellan gum itself was neither toxic nor monocyte activating. We used gellan gum (GG) to create manual and bioprinted adipose tissue models because of its similarities to the native extracellular matrix and its easily tunable properties. Engineering long-term stable and functional human adipose tissue is still challenging due to the limited availability of suitable biomaterials and adequate cell maturation. Due to its wide-ranging endocrine functions, adipose tissue influences the whole body’s metabolism.

Browning fn m 150 manual